Usage
Dictionary
Kanji: 米国
Hiragana: あめりか、べいこく
Katakana: アメリカ
Pronunciation: Amerika, Beikoku
Meaning: USA
Column
Why Is America Referred to as “米国” (Beikoku) in Japanese?
In Japan, America is commonly referred to as “米国” (Beikoku), a term you might frequently encounter in newspapers and TV news. But why is “米” (rice) used to represent America? Let’s explore the historical and linguistic background behind this intriguing designation.
Historical Use of Kanji
The Japanese term for America is “亜米利加” (Amerika), with “米国” (Beikoku) being its abbreviated form. During the Edo period, America was often written as “亜墨利加” (Amerika) or simply “亜国” (Akoku). However, in the late Edo period, the term “メリケン” (Meriken) emerged. This word, originally derived from Chinese texts, was represented in kanji as “米利堅” (Meriken).
The term “Meriken” was popularized by John Manjiro, a translator who often used it. Notably, “Meriken” closely resembles the pronunciation of “America,” especially with the emphasis on the “Me” sound, making it a more natural expression in Japanese.
The Choice of “米” and Its Establishment
The use of “米” (rice) to denote America can also be attributed to the need to distinguish it from “亜細亜” (Asia). By using “米,” Japan created a specific kanji for America that avoided confusion with Asia’s “亜.” After the Meiji Restoration, “米国” began appearing in official government documents and newspapers, further solidifying its usage in Japanese.
Differences in Japanese and Chinese Representations
Interestingly, in Chinese, America is referred to as “美国” (Měiguó). Initially, both languages used “米” (rice), but around 1860, “美” (měi), meaning beautiful, became more commonly used in China. This shift occurred as the center for translation moved to Shanghai, where the pronunciation of “美” was closer to the “Me” sound in “America.” In contrast, Japan retained the older character “米.”
Conclusion
The designation of America as “米国” (Beikoku) is rooted in historical context and linguistic evolution. The character “米” emerged from the phonetic pronunciation of “America” and serves to distinguish the country from others. This seemingly simple term reflects a deeper cultural and historical significance, illustrating how language can embody a nation’s past and its interactions with the world. In everyday usage, “米国” encapsulates a rich tapestry of history and culture that continues to resonate today.
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