Seals have served as important tools symbolizing authority and guaranteeing trust from ancient times to the present. Throughout their long history, seals have played a significant role in the cultural exchanges between Japan and China. In this article, we will explore the history of Japan-China relations through the medium of seals and reflect on their cultural impact.
The Origins and Development of Seals in Ancient China
Seals are believed to have originated in ancient Mesopotamia around 3000 BCE, but the use of seals in China dates back to the Warring States period (5th to 3rd centuries BCE). Especially during the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE), seals became indispensable for governance, used by emperors and officials to authenticate documents and ensure their legal validity.
When Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified China, he established the “Imperial Seal” as a symbol of his authority. Made of white jade, the seal featured a mythical creature, the “chi hu,” as its knob. During the Han Dynasty, the system continued, but the use of seals became more intricate. Not only the emperor but also kings of vassal states and high-ranking officials were granted seals made of gold or jade.
Meanwhile, in local administration and civilian matters, copper seals were used, ensuring smooth governance and commercial transactions. These seals not only represented the authority of the state but also served as a guarantee of social trust.
The Introduction of Seal Culture to Japan
The “King of Wa” Gold Seal and Its Significance
A symbol of the introduction of seal culture to Japan is the “King of Wa” gold seal, discovered on Shika Island in Fukuoka Prefecture. This seal was given in 57 CE by Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han to an envoy from the Wa Kingdom. It is characterized by a snake-shaped knob called a “ja-chu.” The gold seal weighs around 109 grams and measures 2.3 cm on each side, with the inscription “Han Wei Nu Guo Wang” (King of the Kingdom of Wa) carved in negative characters.
This gold seal is an invaluable piece of evidence showing that Japan was part of China’s tributary system at the time, symbolizing the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and China. Similar gold seals have also been discovered in the Shizhaishan ruins in Yunnan Province, China, indicating the seal system used by Chinese dynasties for surrounding nations.
The Ritsuryō System and Seals
After the introduction of the Ritsuryō system in the 7th century, seals became important tools in Japan’s governance. The Emperor’s imperial seal and seals on edicts guaranteed the authority of state documents. Additionally, each bureaucrat received an official seal, ensuring the authenticity of documents.
During the Nara period, private seals used by nobles and local leaders became widespread. Seals were used in everyday transactions such as land sales, inheritances, and contracts. As such, seals became deeply embedded in Japanese society, used by everyone from the state to individuals.
Seals as the Art of Seal Carving
In China, seals evolved beyond practical tools to become an art form known as “seal carving” (篆刻). This technique involves engraving characters onto the surface of the seal, and from the Han Dynasty onwards, seals were recognized for their high artistic value. The characters used were primarily in the ” Seal Style” (篆書), turning the seals into works of art.
In Japan, the art of seal carving was inherited and became popular among the aristocracy during the Heian period, with elegant seals (雅印) being used. During the Edo period, skilled seal carvers emerged, and elegant seals attached to calligraphy works began to be appreciated as artistic creations. The choice of material for carving, such as Chinese “Tian Huang” stone and “Shu Shan” stone, was highly valued.
The Transformation of Seal Culture and Japan-China Exchanges in Modern Times
During the Meiji period, Japan modernized its seal system as part of the construction of a modern state. Seals became essential in official procedures such as the family registry system and commercial registration, with concepts like “hanko” (personal seals) and “inkan” (name stamps) being introduced.
In China, during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the legal effectiveness of seals was reconsidered, and a modern seal system was established. Throughout this process of modernization, there was active exchange between Japan and China regarding seal-making techniques and the art of seal carving. Japanese seal carvers traveled to China to learn, while Chinese seal carvings were imported into Japan, deepening the artistic and cultural exchanges between the two countries.
The Significance of Seals in Contemporary Times
Today, seals continue to play an important cultural role in both Japan and China. In Japan, seals are used widely in daily life and business. Particularly in calligraphy, the elegant seals added to works enhance their sense of completion. In China, seal carving is regarded as a traditional art form, and its value is being reassessed through international exhibitions and cultural events.
Furthermore, with the advancement of digital technology, the use of electronic seals has become more widespread, providing new ways to continue the legacy of seal culture.
Conclusion
Seals have been a significant cultural asset symbolizing the exchanges between Japan and China, from ancient times to the present. By exploring their history, we gain a deeper understanding of the profound ties between the two countries. The exchanges through seals have transcended mere diplomatic relations, becoming a bridge for mutual understanding through art and culture. It is hoped that this tradition will continue to evolve, fostering new forms of cultural exchange in the future.
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