The Stele of Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming (九成宮醴泉銘): The Essence of Tang Dynasty Culture and the Mastery of Ouyang Xun’s (欧陽詢) Calligraphy

Introduction

The “Stele of Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming (九成宮醴泉銘)” is regarded as a masterpiece of Square Style (楷書), reflecting the culture, politics, and ideology of the Tang Dynasty. This stele was created to praise the reign of Emperor Taizong (Li Shimin) and was the result of the collaborative efforts of two outstanding figures: the writer Wei Zheng and the calligrapher Ouyang Xun (欧陽詢). In this article, we will delve into the historical background, calligraphic features, the roles of Ouyang Xun and Wei Zheng, and the lasting impact of this stele on later generations.

Historical Background and Political Significance of the Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming

Historical Context and the Political Climate of the Tang Dynasty

The “Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming” was erected in the sixth year of the Zhenguan era (632) to commemorate a sweet spring (Liquan) that emerged at Jiu Cheng Gong, located in Shaanxi Province. Originally built by Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty as the “Renshou Palace,” it was later renovated and renamed by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. The emergence of the spring in this location was considered an auspicious sign of the emperor’s virtue, symbolizing the stability and prosperity of the nation.

During the Tang Dynasty, the connection between natural phenomena and the emperor’s virtue was often used as a form of political propaganda to emphasize the ruler’s legitimacy and benevolent governance. The “Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming” was crafted with this intention in mind, with Wei Zheng composing the text and Ouyang Xun inscribing it. Wei Zheng, a prominent minister who supported Emperor Taizong’s rule, used his writing to praise the emperor’s virtues and emphasize the ideal nature of his reign.

Ouyang Xun’s Calligraphy and His Innovative Style

Ouyang Xun’s Calligraphic Style: Innovations in Square Style

Ouyang Xun (557–641) was one of the three great calligraphers of the early Tang Dynasty, alongside Yu Shinan and Chu Suiliang. Through the “Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming,” Ouyang Xun established a new standard for Square Style, blending the calligraphic traditions of the Northern and Southern Dynasties into a cohesive style that came to be known as “Ouyang’s method” (欧法).

Key Features of Ouyang Xun’s Square Style

1. Bold and Tense Strokes
   • Ouyang Xun’s strokes are characterized by sharp, powerful lines, with each stroke executed with a sense of tension. His vertical strokes, in particular, are notably strong, while the horizontal strokes provide a stable foundation, contributing to the dynamic energy of his script.
   • His brushwork exhibits a perfect balance, described as “bu ji bu li” (不即不離), meaning the strokes are neither too close nor too far apart, maintaining a harmonious arrangement.
2. Structure and Layout of Characters
   • Each character in Ouyang Xun’s script is meticulously balanced, with precise proportions among the vertical and horizontal lines, angles, and overall structure. While the characters might initially appear rigid, a closer inspection reveals a calculated elegance that defines their beauty.
3. Integration and Development of Square Style
   • Ouyang Xun successfully fused the calligraphic styles of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, creating a new form that later became known as the “Ouyang Style.” This style not only influenced Chinese calligraphy but also spread across East Asia, affecting calligraphy in Japan and Korea.

Wei Zheng’s Literary Contributions and Political Influence

Wei Zheng: A Statesman of Integrity and Vision

Wei Zheng (580–643) was a distinguished minister of the Tang Dynasty, renowned for his straightforward advice to Emperor Taizong. His influence extended beyond his role as a statesman; he was also a poet and scholar, deeply respected for his knowledge and insight. The text of the “Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming” crafted by Wei Zheng not only praised the emperor’s virtues but also highlighted the political stability and prosperity of the Tang Dynasty.

Wei Zheng’s unwavering dedication to guiding the emperor was pivotal in ensuring the success of Emperor Taizong’s governance. His words were more than just formal praises; they conveyed his political convictions and ideals for the nation, laying the foundation for the stability and prosperity that defined the Tang Dynasty.

The Role of “Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming” in Calligraphy Education

Using the Stele for Calligraphy Practice

The “Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming” is considered one of the most important models for studying Square Style. It serves as an ideal tool for learners to understand and master the fundamentals of calligraphy. Through studying Ouyang Xun’s techniques, students can naturally grasp character structure, balance, and brush movement.

Basic Steps for Learning from the Stele

1. Posture and Preparation: Focus on maintaining the correct posture and grip while preparing the necessary tools.
2. Character Analysis: Analyze each character’s structure, stroke order, and the techniques of starting and ending strokes.
3. Repetitive Practice: Practice repeatedly to develop a sense of rhythm and control in the strokes.
4. Pursuing Creative Expression: Once familiar with the foundational style, learners can explore their own interpretations, building a personal style inspired by Ouyang Xun’s approach.

Legacy and Influence on Modern Calligraphy

The Enduring Influence of Ouyang Xun and the Cultural Value of the Stele

The “Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming” remains one of the most revered examples of Square Style in Chinese calligraphy history, with Ouyang Xun’s style influencing the entire East Asian region, including Japan and Korea. His method, known as “Ouyang’s method,” continues to be fundamental in calligraphy education.

The Cultural Significance of Surviving Rubbings

Over the centuries, numerous rubbings of the “Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming” have been made, especially since the Song Dynasty. Although the original stele has suffered from wear, these rubbings, particularly those from the Southern Song period, are still highly valued as important resources for calligraphy study and research.

Conclusion

The “Jiu Cheng Gong Liquan Ming” serves as a cultural symbol of the Tang Dynasty, reflecting its political and cultural achievements. Through this stele, we can appreciate the innovative nature of Ouyang Xun’s calligraphy, Wei Zheng’s political insight, and the grandeur of Tang culture. For calligraphy students, the stele represents the pinnacle of Square Style, offering endless opportunities for exploration and appreciation of its profound beauty and historical significance.