Introduction
Kanji-Kana Majiri (Chōwa-tai) (漢字かな交じり (調和体)) is a Japanese writing that skillfully combines Kanji (Chinese characters) and Kana (Japanese syllabary). It has been widely used, from practical everyday documents to artistic expressions. The unique aspect of this style is not simply the mixing of kanji and kana but the pursuit of a harmonious balance between the two. Let’s explore the historical background and the process of learning Chōwa-tai (調和体) in greater detail.
The Origin and Historical Background of Chōwa-tai
The term Chōwa-tai (調和体) gained recognition with the publication of Onoue Saishū’s (尾上柴舟) renowned book “Chōwa-tai no Kenkyū (Study of Chōwa-tai)” in 1932. Onoue Saishū (尾上柴舟) systematized the method of harmonizing kanji and kana and placed particular emphasis on Kohitsu (古筆, writings from the Heian period onwards in Japanese style).
Some famous examples of this style include works such as “The Preface to Kokin Wakashū Scroll attributed to Toshiyori (伝俊頼筆巻子本古今集序)” and “Sanpō Ekotoba attributed to Toshiyori (伝俊頼筆三宝絵詞)”, as well as “The Inscriptions in Tale of Genji Picture Scroll (源氏物語絵巻の詞書)”. These works feature kanji that blend seamlessly with the fluid, graceful lines of kana, resulting in a well-balanced and beautiful writing style.
The Harmony Between Kanji and Kana: Techniques and Aesthetics
A key element in mastering Chōwa-tai (調和体) is understanding the characteristics of both kanji and kana and learning to harmonize them. Kanji tend to be more structurally complex and bold, while kana is known for its simplicity and flowing curves. The art of Chōwa-tai (調和体) lies in creating balance between these contrasting features.
- Cursive Style (草書)
Kanji often carry a stronger impression due to their complexity. To harmonize them with kana, Cursive Style (草書) is often employed. The simplification and fluidity of cursive kanji bring them closer to the flowing lines of kana, facilitating a more natural integration. - Use of Running Style (行書)
In modern practical writing, Running Style (行書) is more commonly used than cursive, as it offers a balance between readability and expressiveness. In daily calligraphy, Kanji-Kana Majiri written in Running Style (行書) serves as a foundation, while in more artistic expressions, cursive kanji is used to allow for more freedom and boldness. - Consistency and Harmony of Lines
Chōwa-tai (調和体) requires the consistency of lines throughout the text. This is achieved by carefully considering the rhythm, spacing, and flow between each character, ensuring a balanced and harmonious look. The use of varying line thickness and pressure adds to the overall harmony of the piece.
Guide to Learning Chōwa-tai
Learning Chōwa-tai (調和体) is not only about honing technical skills but also about understanding the deep aesthetic values and spirit of Japanese calligraphy. As Onoue Saishū (尾上柴舟) emphasized, Japanese writing as a whole survives through the balance of kanji and kana, and mastering Chōwa-tai (調和体) involves learning the essence of this fundamental form of expression.
- Studying Ancient Kohitsu
A key approach to learning Chōwa-tai (調和体) is to study ancient Kohitsu (古筆) through copying old masterworks (臨書(Rinsho)). Works by renowned Heian calligraphers such as Yukinari Fujiwara (藤原行成), Ono Dofu (小野道風), Sari Fujiwara (藤原佐理), and Toshiyori Fujiwara (藤原俊頼) are excellent examples of kanji and kana harmony, particularly in the Japanese-style kanji (和様(Wayō Kanji)). - Selection of Texts
In Chōwa-tai (調和体), the content of the text is important as it contributes to the overall artistic expression. Often, poetry, sayings, Waka (和歌), and Haiku (俳句) are used as subject matter, where the meaning of the words complements the aesthetics of the writing. This consideration of both form and content enhances the quality of the calligraphy. - Application in Modern Life
Chōwa-tai (調和体) is not limited to historical writings; it is still relevant today. It has found applications not only in exhibitions and artistic works but also in practical writing such as personal letters, calligraphy for everyday use, and decorative pieces. Onoue Saishū (尾上柴舟) envisioned that by combining kanji and kana appropriately, deeper expressions of Japanese language could evolve, opening up new creative fields.
The Appeal and Modern Relevance of Chōwa-tai
Chōwa-tai (調和体) is both a practical writing style and an artistic medium that offers endless creative possibilities. Its charm lies in its ability to reflect the personality and emotions of the writer through a combination of structured kanji and flowing kana. Whether in poetic compositions or personal expressions, Chōwa-tai (調和体) provides a unique canvas for individual expression.
In modern calligraphy, Chōwa-tai (調和体) continues to develop in various ways. While rooted in traditional techniques, contemporary calligraphy incorporates modern aesthetics and sensibilities. In exhibitions, we see an increasing number of works that push the boundaries of traditional formats, with free-form, bold, and creative uses of Chōwa-tai (調和体) that express not only words but also visual beauty. Calligraphy is no longer just a method of writing but has evolved into a dynamic and expressive form of visual and emotional art.
Conclusion
Kanji-Kana Majiri (Chōwa-tai) (漢字かな交じり (調和体)) represents a harmonious blend of kanji and kana, offering both historical depth and artistic potential. Learning Chōwa-tai (調和体) requires a deep understanding of Japanese calligraphy’s long history, as well as the technical skills needed to master the balance between kanji and kana. From ancient writings to contemporary forms, Chōwa-tai (調和体) continues to play a crucial role in the evolution of Japanese writing and artistic expression. For students of calligraphy, mastering this style opens the door to a richer appreciation of Japan’s calligraphic culture and provides a path toward creative expression in their own work.
Comments