What Is the Koyagire? — Understanding the Differences Between the First, Second, and Third Styles

When discussing the art of Japanese kana calligraphy, one cannot overlook the Koyagire — a legendary set of ancient calligraphy fragments. With its graceful brushwork and the emotional depth of classical waka poetry, Koyagire continues to inspire calligraphers and art lovers even today.

However, did you know that what we call “Koyagire” is actually divided into three distinct styles, each with its own unique calligraphic expression?

In this article, we’ll explore what the Koyagire is, and clearly explain the differences between the First, Second, and Third Styles.

What Is the Koyagire? — The Classical Pinnacle of Kana Calligraphy

The term Koyagire refers to surviving fragments of the Kokin Wakashū, a classical anthology of Japanese waka poetry written during the mid-Heian period. These fragments, beautifully transcribed in kana script, represent the culmination of Japan’s unique “kana culture” within calligraphy.

Although these works were originally part of a complete handwritten manuscript, they were eventually separated over time and now survive in fragmentary form. Among them, the pieces passed down through Mount Kōya (Kōyasan) in Wakayama are considered masterpieces — hence the name Koyagire, or “Kōya fragments.”

Today, the existing Koyagire pieces are classified into three main styles, each with distinct brush techniques and visual aesthetics. These styles are highly valued in the history of Japanese calligraphy.

The First Style — Refined Elegance in Classical Form

Characteristics

The First Style is marked by well-balanced character shapes and steady brushwork. The height, width, and spacing of the characters are carefully unified, resulting in a serene and harmonious beauty.

Attribution and Period

Although the exact calligrapher remains unknown, some scholars suggest it may have been written by a talented artist in the lineage of Fujiwara no Yukinari. The brushwork is soft yet taut, and is often praised as an ideal form of kana.

Significance

With its orderly and refined composition, this style is frequently used as a model for beginners. However, subtle variations in stroke flow and character size also reveal its depth — making it a foundational and profound study for all levels.

The Second Style — Freedom, Motion, and Expressive Rhythm

Characteristics

Compared to the First Style, the Second Style features freer brush movement and a more dynamic feel. Characters are slightly deconstructed, with more flowing connections and expressive variations, giving the viewer a sense of rhythm and movement.

Attribution and Interpretation

Though the author is still unidentified, the expressive individuality suggests a calligrapher who prioritized spontaneity and emotional expression. The brushwork captures a raw and improvisational energy, offering a striking contrast to the First Style.

Significance

At first glance, this style may seem chaotic. However, its refined structure and emotional nuance make it a compelling and sophisticated piece of art. For intermediate and advanced calligraphers, it serves as a vital tool for developing expressive skill.

The Third Style — Poetic Elegance and the Beauty of Empty Space

Characteristics

The Third Style flows gracefully with an airy, lyrical touch. Its true charm lies in the spaces between strokes and characters — where poetic subtlety emerges. Every line, every pause, and every shift in rhythm contributes to a delicate emotional resonance.

Attribution and Interpretation

Although the calligrapher is unknown, the fluid and mature technique suggests a highly skilled artist. It feels as though the brush itself breathes poetry into each character.

Significance

Celebrated as the most emotive and aesthetic of the three, the Third Style is often referred to as the “Jewel of Koyagire.” Modern calligraphers study it to deepen their understanding of space, breath, and emotion in writing.

Quick Comparison of the Three Styles

Why Does the Koyagire Continue to Fascinate?

What makes Koyagire so captivating to calligraphers and viewers alike is that it goes beyond being a “copybook” — it serves as a rich medium for learning the depth of expression itself.

From stroke direction, character structure, spacing, to the emotions embedded in each line, Koyagire achieves a high level of integration across all elements. This timeless craftsmanship has continued to move hearts for over a thousand years.

Conclusion — Discover the Unique Beauty of Each Style

Koyagire stands at the origin of kana calligraphy and remains an essential classic for lifelong study.
Each of the three styles offers a distinct vision of beauty:

• The First Style embodies the beauty of form
• The Second Style captures the beauty of movement
• The Third Style expresses the beauty of emotion

Where one begins is a matter of personal choice. But by comparing all three styles, you may discover your own ideal form of calligraphy.