Seals have played a vital role in human culture and daily life from ancient times to the present. Evolving from ancient sealing techniques used by early civilizations, seals became symbols of authority for royalty and nobility and, more recently, transitioned into modern digital signatures.
This article explores the origins and historical development of seals across various cultures, highlighting their cultural significance. Through the journey of this small but powerful tool, you will discover its profound impact on human history and society.
Origins
The history of seals can be traced back to ancient Mesopotamian civilization. Around 3000 BCE, the Sumerians invented cuneiform, the earliest known form of writing, and simultaneously developed cylinder seals for sealing purposes. These seals, rolled over clay tablets to create imprints, were used to protect property and verify agreements. During the era of the Code of Hammurabi, seals served as a legal means of authenticating contracts.
In ancient Egypt, influenced by Mesopotamian practices, scarab-shaped seals were used to secure papyrus documents. Scarabs symbolized the sun god Khepri and were associated with rebirth and renewal. Additionally, seals made from gold and precious stones, owned by kings and nobles, have been unearthed in significant numbers.
The Indus Valley Civilization also used seals extensively, crafting rectangular seals from steatite. These featured intricate animal motifs and unique script and were likely employed for trade and ritual purposes. Evidence of active trade between the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia underscores the importance of these seals in commerce.
Development of Seals in China
In China, seal culture flourished during the Qin Dynasty around the 3rd century BCE. The imperial seal, known as “Xi,” was exclusively used by the emperor for authenticating state documents. Over time, seals became integral to the bureaucratic system and gradually spread to the general populace.
During the Han Dynasty, the use of personal seals became widespread, with advancements in materials and carving techniques. Seals made from jade, gold, and silver became symbols of social status and power. In some cases, seals were included in the “Five Treasures of the Study,” emphasizing their artistic and cultural significance.
History of Seals in Japan
The use of seals in Japan dates back to the Kofun period. One of the oldest known examples is the “King of Na Gold Seal,” presented by Emperor Guangwu of the Later Han Dynasty to the ruler of Wa in 57 CE. Discovered in Shikanoshima, Fukuoka Prefecture, this gold seal remains an essential historical artifact.
During the Nara period, seals were officially adopted as part of the Ritsuryo system, and all formal documents required stamped authentication. Seal culture continued to develop during the Heian period, expanding into the aristocratic and samurai classes.
By the Edo period, seals had become commonplace among the general public, serving as essential tools in trade and legal documentation. The artistic form of seals, known as “Tenkoku,” gained popularity among intellectuals and cultural figures.
Seal History in Europe
Seals have also been used in Europe since ancient Roman times. The Romans employed signet rings crafted from metal or gemstones to imprint wax seals on letters and documents. During the Middle Ages, the practice of using seals became widespread among royalty, nobility, and religious institutions, symbolizing authority and authenticity.
Wax seals, or “sealing wax,” were commonly used to secure documents by dripping molten wax onto the paper and pressing a seal into it before it hardened. This method provided added security. The Etruscans and Greeks also favored seals adorned with images of gods and mythological heroes.
Modern Seal Culture
Even in modern times, seals remain widely used, particularly in Asia. In Japan, seals are still required for opening bank accounts and signing contracts. Despite the rise of digitalization, traditional seals continue to hold cultural significance and are deeply embedded in Japanese life.
Meanwhile, digital signatures and electronic seals have become increasingly common with technological advancements. However, the legacy of traditional seals endures, blending historical tradition with modern innovation.
Conclusion
The history of seals reveals their diverse development across different cultures, serving as a crucial means of ensuring trust and authenticity. Even today, the tradition of using seals persists, evolving alongside new technologies.
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